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- Earthquakes cause damage by fault rupture, ground shaking, landslides, and tsunami.
- Seismic surface waves cause ground shaking. The amplitude of the waves and hence the damage resulting varies with earthquake intensity and the nature of the geologic material the waves traverse.
- Earthquake rupture of the seafloor generates tsunami that cause destruction both close to the epicenter and as far as thousands of kilometers away.
- Predictions for specific earthquakes are still not possible, but risk maps identify hazards for consideration in land-use planning, building codes, and engineering designs that diminish the destructive effects of earthquakes.
11.9 Why are earthquakes destructive?